Modules and Topics - P & I Clubs and Loss Prevention Course
(via the TMI Distance Learning Programme)

Module 1 - Marine Insurance Historical Background

Marine Insurance - A Historical Background 1, Basic Principles of Marine Insurance 2, Insurable interest 2, Utmost good faith 2, Indemnity 3, Subrogation 3, Subrogation Condition 4, Contribution 4, Insurance of Cargoes 4, Risk factors 4, Cargo conditions 4, Hull and Machinery Insurance 5, Risk factors 5, Marine liability 6, What can go wrong? 6, Total loss: 6, Partial loss: 6, General average loss 6, Particular average loss 6, War Risks Coverage 7, Non-Marine Insurances 7, Fire insurance 7, Miscellaneous Accident Insurances 7, Motor Insurance 8, Other Insurances 8, Boiler insurance covers 8, Liability insurance. 8, The Burglary insurances cover 8, Engineering Insurances 8, Aviation Insurance covers 8, Liability Insurances or Public Liability insurance covers 9, Product liability insurance covers 9, Professional Indemnity insurance covers liability 9, Pecuniary loss insurances such as 9, Fidelity Guarantee insurance cover 9, Insurance business in India 9, Application of Indian contract act 1872 10, Proposal and acceptance 10, Consideration 10, Agreement between the parties 10, Capacity of the parties to contract 10, Legality 11, Unenforceable contract 11, Insurance cover for ships 11, Institute Time Clauses - Hulls (ITC - Hulls) 11, ITC - Hulls (1-10-1983) 12, Pollution Hazard 12, Collision Liability 13, General Average and Salvage Charges 13, Sue and Labour Charges 13, ITC - HULLS “limited conditions” and other coverages 14, ITC - Hulls - Total Loss, GA and 3/4 Collision Liability 14, ITC - Hulls - Total Loss Only (including Salvage charges and Sue and Labour) 14, a) ITC-Hulls-disbursements and increased value (Total Loss Only, 14, b) ITC - Hulls - Excess Liabilities 14, The claims in respect of 14, Institute Voyage Clauses - Hulls (1-10-1983) 15, Covering war, strike, terrorist acts, malicious act 15, ITC - HULLS (1ST November 1995) 15, CLASSIFICATION CLAUSE (Clause No.4) 15, PERILS (RISK COVERED) 16, Self assessment questions 17.

Module 2 - History of P & I Club and Risk Management

Introduction. 19, What is P&I? 19, The Historical Background 19, The Nature of the Mutual Clubs 22, Cover provided by the P & I clubs. 23, Certain risks were specifically excluded 23, Rules of the various clubs 24, Mutual clubs V/s Fixed Premium Insurers 24, Principle advantages of mutual insurance. 25, Services provided 25, Network of correspondents: 26, Appointment of surveyors: 26, Gathering evidence: 26, Appointment of lawyers: 26, Provision of a security: 26, Meaning of risk 26, Risk management process 27, Risk identification 27, Risk Identification 27, Risk avoidance 28, Loss prevention and loss minimization 28, Risk evaluation 28, Risk retention 28, Transfer of risks 29, Insurable risks 29, Characteristics of insurable risks. 29, Shipowner's insurance requirements 30, Hull and Machinery (H&M) – 30, Protecting and Indemnity (P&I) – 31, Freight, Demurrage And Defence (FD&D) 31, Loss of Hire insurance (LOH) 31, Strike insurance 31, War risks 31, Principal risks covered 31, Self assessment questions 32.

Module 3 - The International P & I Club

Management Preamble 33, The Group’s key objectives are: 33, The Representative Function 33, Exchange of Information 33, Operation and Control 33, The monitoring of the compatibility of the risks 33, Pooling agreement 34, International Group Excess loss contract 34, Pool reinsurance programme (See annex 1) 35, The International Group of P&I Clubs - Pool arrangement 35, Oil pollution risks in USA 36, Claims in excess of group excess loss (XCS) 36, The International Group Agreement 36, The Int. Group Agreement: 36, The terms of the Pooling Agreement: 37, Non group clubs: - 37, The International Group of P&I Clubs - 38, “Importance of Group Unity 38, Group Club security 38, Group Club managers' collective knowledge, wisdom and experience 38, Competition within the Group 39, Facts discouraging movement of tonnage between Clubs 39, Competition from outside the Group 39, The attraction of fixed premium 40, Demutualisation 40, Conclusions 41, Composition of the Group Club 41, The Group Clubs 42, Position as of 2000 43, Market share of the international - group of P & I Clubs 43, Self assessment questions 44.

Module 4 - Management of Club and Claims

Preamble 46, Membership 46, Meeting of members 46, Directors 46, Officers other than directors 47, Managers 47, Accounts 47, Management of claims 47, Claims-Handling 47, Underwriting 48, Correspondents 49, Payment of claims and interest 50, Cesser of insurance and its effects 51, Where the owner is an individual, 51, Where the owner is a corporation, 51, Where the ship has changed effective ownership. 52, Where the ship is missing or is actual or constructive total loss 52, Effect of Cesser 53, Security for Overspill Calls on Cesser: 53, Services provided by the Club 53, Other services provided: 54, Club hopping 54, Self assessment questions 55.

Module 5 - Entry, Calls and Claims

Application for entry 56, Fixed premium insurances 57, Accuracy of Information 57, Owners and successors bound by rules 57, Certificate of Entry 57, Endorsement slip 57, Decision on entry 58, Refusal of Application 58, Specific nature and extent of risks covered:- 58, Categories of members 58, Joint Members 58, Co-assured 59, Fleet Entry 59, Period of insurance 59, Change of Conditions 60, Principles for calls - contribution by way of calls 60, Rates for 2005-06 61, The loss ratio 61, Advance, Supplementary and Overspill Call 62, Advance Call 62, Supplementary Calls 62, Prospective Excess Supplementary Calls Insurance -Elysian co. 62, Benefits 62, Overspill Claims 63, Recoverability of overspill claim 63, Interest for Late Payment 64, Effect of a Member’s Non-payment 64, Laid up returns 64, Release Upon the cesser 64, Mortgagees 65, Club investment and claims handling. 65, Double Insurance 65, Communications with members 66, Reinsurance of ships – transfer from one club to another. 66, Assignment of interest 66, Variation of contract 66, Notice of termination 67, Self assessment questions 67.

Module 6 - Scope of Cover Part I

Preamble 69, Does safety record of a shipowner help? 69, What amounts to a loss? 69, Scope of club cover 69, Principles underlying the P&I cover 70, Summary of P&I cover 71, 1.Liability to persons 71, Liability to persons Other than seamen: 71, Personal injuries to or loss of life of stevedores 71, Liability due to passengers – (See resource/ annex convention/ PAL 2002 Protocol) 71, Passenger’s property loss 72, Personal injuries to or illness or loss of life of passengers and others 72, Additional provision for Passenger ships 72, Loss of passenger’s and crews’ personal effects 72, Diversion expenses 72, 2 - Injury and death of seamen 73, 3. Illness and death of seamen 73, 4 Repatriation and substitute expenses 73, 5 Loss of and damage to the effects of seamen and others 73, 6. Shipwreck unemployment indemnity 73, 7 Diversion expenses 74, 8 Stowaways and refugees 74 9. Life salvage 74 10 Collision Liabilities 74, Collision liabilities of H&M and P&I 78, Notes on loss or damage to property other than cargo 79, Self assessment questions 79.

Module 7 - Scope of Cover Part II

11 Loss or damage to property 80, 12. Pollution risks 80, 13 - Liability arising out of towage of or by an entered ship 81, 14 Liability arising under certain indemnities and contracts 82, 15. Wreck liabilities 82, 16 Quarantine expenses 83, 17.Cargo liabilities 83, Exception clauses 84, Extended Cargo Cover 85, Risks insured by Extended Cargo Cover 85,, Why is Extended Cargo Cover needed? 86, Who is eligible for Extended Cargo Cover? 86, Limits and other terms and conditions 87, EEC Deductibles 87, 18. Property on the entered ship 87, 19 Unrecoverable general average contributions 87, 20 Ship's proportion of general average 87, 21. Special compensation to salvors 88, 22. Fines 88, 23. Enquiry expenses 89, 24. Expenses incidental to the operation of ships 89, 25. Sue and labour and legal costs 90, 26. Expenses incurred by direction of the Association 90, Special covers 90, Charterers 91, Self assessment questions 91.

Module 8 - Scope of Cover Part III

Preamble 92, Risks Specifically Excluded 92, (l) Damage to the Entered Ship 92, (2) Equipment 92, (3) Repairs to the Entered Ship 92, (4) Freight 92, (5) Association's liability for oil pollution claims 92, (6) Salvage 93, (8) Bad Debts 93, (9) Road Traffic Acts 93, (10) Demurrage 93, (11) Towage 93, Conditions 93, A Payment first by the owner 93, B Limitation of the Association's Liability 94, General 94, Deductibles 94, C Set-Off 95, D. Exclusion of Sums Insurable under Hull Policies 95, E. Exclusion of War Risks 96, F. Exclusion of Nuclear Risks 97, G. Exclusion of Damage to Entered Ship, Loss of Hire, Etc 97, H. Exclusion of Certain Liabilities, 98, I. Double Insurance 99, J. Contraband, Blockade Running, Unlawful Trade, 99, K. Classification and Statutory Requirements 99, L. Rules Subject to Marine Insurance Act 100, M. Obligation to Sue and Labour 100, N. Obligations with Regard to Claims 100, O. Time Bar 101, P. Recoveries 101, Q. Surveys of Ships 101, R. Surveys of Ships after Lay-Up 102, S. Electronic Communication 102, T. Interest 102, U Owners and Successors Bound By Rules 102, Self assessment questions 102.

Module 9 - Freight Demurrage and Defence

Introduction 104, History 104, Shipowners’ expectation from their defence clubs. 104, The purpose of the Defence Cover 105, Role of FD&D cover 105, Role of the Correspondents 106, Preamble to rules 107, Cover 107, Fixed premium 107, Claims or disputes or , roceedings 107, Costs, liabilities, losses and expenses:- 108, Warranties, Conditions, Exceptions and Limitations 109, Time Bar 110, Owners and Successors Bound by Rules 110, Agreement on Rating 110, Membership & Certificate of entry 110, Joint Entries 111, Assignment 111, Continuation of Entry 111, Termination and Notice of Termination 111, Obligations as to Payment 112, Assessment of Calls 112, Funds of the Association 112, Contingency Fund and Contingency Call 112, Payments 113, Laid-up Returns 113, Cesser of Cover and Cancellation 114, Effect of Cesser of Cover and of Cancellation 114, Cancellation of cover 114, General Powers of the Directors to Support Owners 115, Delegation 116, Forbearance 116, Disputes 117, How you can help 117, Self assessment questions 117.

Module 10 - Clubs Letters of Undertaking

General 118, Bail 118, Bail vs Guarantee 118, Enforcement of letter of undertaking or guarantee 118, Are club letters sufficient security 119, Rights of the arresting party 119, Non-acceptance of clubs letter of guarantee - 120, Form of the club letter 120, Provision of bank guarantee in some cases 121, Mareva Injunction 122, Provision of security -the club's rules 122, Conditions on which letters of undertaking are provided 122, a) Matter of Discretion 122, (b) The Vessel Must Be an Entered Vessel 123, (c) The Claim must be Part of the Club's Cover 123, (d) The Club May Require Counter Security 124, (e) No admission to indemnify the Member 125, (f) A Member's Calls must be fully paid 126, Ship arrest - P&I Cover 126, Incidents for which P&I security is commonly sought 126, Benefits • Club Letter of Undertaking 127, Bank Guarantee or Bond 127, Cash Deposit 127, Fundamental elements of a security wording 127, Sister ship and associated ship arrest 128, Difficult jurisdictions 128, Arresting a Vessel in India 129, Basis of the Arrest Jurisdiction 129, Procedure for Arrest 130, Wrongful Arrest 130, Subsequent Procedures and Priority 130, Conclusion 131, Self assessment questions 131, Standard Format for Letter of Undertaking for Financial Security (for oil spill) 132.

Module 11 - Transport Intermediaries Cover

Introduction, 133, Cover for Transport Intermediaries 133, Introduction 133, Two important rules of Agency are: 133, Port and Liner Agents - Role and Functions 133, Ship Related Functions 134, Cargo Related Functions 134, Ship's Company Related Functions 134, Liner Agents 134, Shipbroker 135, Freight broker 136, Freight Forwarder 137, Multimodal Transport Operator 138, Broker for Sale and Purchase of ships 138, International Transport Intermediaries Club Limited 139, Nature of the insurances 139, Covers provided 139, Cash-in-transit insurance 139, Commission Insurance 140, Ship Agents Cover 140, Ship Brokers Cover 140, Ship Managers Cover 140, Co-assurance for Ship managers: 141, Liner Agents Cover 141, Liner Agents Cover – 142, Insurance for owner’s agents or in-house agency offices. 143, Transport professionals 143, International Transport Intermediaries Club Rules 143, Rule 1 Nature of the insurances - Services provided 143, Members not to admit liability 144, Indemnity insurance 144, Deductible 144, Limit of liability 144, Self assessment questions 145

Module 12 - Miscellaneous insurances

Preamble 146, Marine Products 146, GARD P&I Products 146, War Risks Cover 147, The perils and losses covered 147, Safety regulations 147, Builders' Risks Cover 147, Covers provided for builders' risks: 148, Loss of hire/Loss of earnings 148, MII - Mortgagees Interest Insurance – 148, Gard's Extended Cargo Cover ("ECC") 148, Gard's Extended Crew Cover (ECR) 149, Gard’s cover for non-fare paying passengers 149, Comprehensive Carrier’s Liability Cover 150, Gard's Comprehensive Charterers' Liability Cover 151, Charterers club - cover provided. (See resources for Rules) 151, Charterer’s responsibility 151, Losses Covered 152, Limitations, exceptions, conditions and warranties 153, Gard's Tour Operator Passenger Liability Cover 153, Bunkers Cover April 1999 154, Gard’s Comprehensive General Liability Cover (CGL) for Mobile Offshore Units 154, Gard's CGL Cover for Supply Vessels and Specialist Craft 156, Gard’s Divers' P&I Cover (DPI) 156, Mortgagees' Interest Insurance (MII) 157, General 157, Exclusions under the MII policy. 158, Allegations of unseaworthiness 158, Status of the Multimodal Transport Operator (MTO) 159, The non-carriers are: 159, Types of Multimodal Transport Organisations 159, i) Vessel Operating MTOs 160, ii) Non-Vessel Operating MTOs (NVO-MTOs) 160, Scope of Services 160, Liability of the MTO 161, TT club provides cover to through transport 161, P&I Cover For NVOCC's (Steamships Mutual Underwriting Association) 163, Legal Expenses 163, Warehouse keeper’s Liabilities 163, Carrying Equipment 164, Handling Equipment 164, Self assessment questions 164

Module 13 - Pollution related Conventions

Introduction 165, Environmental protection 165, OILPOL Convention 165, Torrey Canyon and MARPOL 166, 1973 Convention 166, 1978 Protocol Conference 166, OPA (1990) 167, For Tank vessels 167, For other vessels 167, Oil Pollution Compensation 167, Maximum compensation 168, Incidents involving the IOPC FUNDS 168, Financing of the 1992 Fund 169, Review of the adequacy of the International Compensation Regime 169, 1992 Fund Working Group 170, Supplementary Fund 170, Sharing of the financial burden between shipowners and the oil industry 171, Consideration by the 1992 Fund Assembly in October 2005 171, Substandard transportation of oil 172, STOPIA 2006 and TOPIA 2006 172, STOPIA 2006 172, TOPIA 2006 173, Review 173, P&I cover relating to pollution. 174, Damages 174, Prevention 174, Clean up expenses 175, USCG Investigations 175, US Legislations 176, Self assessment questions 177

Module 14 - P&I cover for Pollution and Salvage

Claim in respect of oil pollution 178, Damages 179, Prevention 179, USCG Investigations 180, US Legislations 181, Clean up expenses 182, Pollution and Salvage 182, LOF 2000 - The Lloyd's Open Form 183, 1.Property liable for the payment of salvage 183, 2. Currency of award 184, 3.The duty to co-operate 184, 4.Rightsof termination 184, 5. Deemed performance 184, Scopic 184, The LSSA clauses - Lloyd’s Standard Salvage and Arbitration clauses 185, Lloyd's procedural rules 185, Loss Prevention 185, Prevention Strategy 186, Pollution 186, General Average - Charterparty amendments 187, Charterparty Clauses 187, Self assessment questions 188

Module 15 - General Average

Preamble 190, History 190, # 66. General average loss 190, Features of GA 191, Definition of G.A. 191, G.A. losses are: 193, Ship 193, Cargo 193, Freight 193,G.A. Expenditure 193, Important developments 195, The York Antwerp Rules 195, The amendments made in 2004 are the following: 196, Tidying up the text of the YAR 197, BIMCO standard general average absorption clause 198, GA absorption clauses 198, BIMCO clause 198, Contributing Interests in G.A. 199, Ship 200, Cargo 200, Freight 200, Amounts made good 201, Ship 201, Cargo 201, Freight 201, Adjustment of GA 201, GA Deposit 201, Deposit receipt 201, Average bond 202, Underwriter’s guarantee 202, Can payment of GA Contribution be refused? 202, Example of adjustment 203, Checklist for ship agents in the event of a GA 203, General average adjuster 204, General Average Security 204, Average Guarantee form 204, Average Bond form 205, Special agreements form 205, Release of Cargo 205, Cargo damage 205, Assessing General average damage to cargo 206, Shipowner’s duty to protect cargo 206, Average Adjusters offers the following services 207, Genera Average formalities 209, Process for the preparation of the adjustment 209, The adjustment should contain the following: 210, Self assessment questions 211, Example Of G.A. Adjustment -Arising Out Of Port Of Refuge Expenses 213, Annex 2 General Average Adjustment 213

Module 16 - Limitation to liability - Legal provisions

Preamble 214, History 214, 1957 Limitation to liability - International Convention 214, Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976 (London Convention) 214, Article 1 - Persons entitled to limit liability 215, Article 2 - Claims subject to limitation 215, Article 3 - Claims excepted from limitation 215, Article 4 - Conduct barring limitation 216, 1996 Protocol to Amend the 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability 216, Rates 216, Example: Vessel of 18,433 tons 216, Property Claim example 216, Personal Injury Claim example 217, The limit for passenger claims 217, Special Drawing Rights 217, Liability and P&I cover 217, Cover for amounts beyond the limitation amounts 219, The "Break-Clause" 219, Self assessment questions 221.

Module 17 - Carriage of cargoes - Legal provisions

Carriage of cargoes - Legal provisions 222, Introduction 222 Historical background 222, Independent efforts at national levels 222, Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 223, Indian COGSA 1925 224, Application:- 224, Exclusions: 224, Seaworthiness: 224, Application from loading to discharge. 224, Issue of Bill of Lading: 224, Care to load. Stow, Carry and discharge. 225, Rights and immunities. 225, Deviation: 226, Dangerous goods: 226, Notice of Loss or Damage: 226, Time Limit for Bringing Suit: 226, Bulk Cargoes: 226, Limitation of Liability: 227, Clause Paramount: 227, Legislation governing Multimodal Transport. Introduction 227, Types of ship operators 227, The Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act 1993 228, Licensing of VOCs and NVOCs: 228, Conditions for obtaining a license are: 228, Definition: 228, Dangerous Cargo 229, Time limit for filing suit 229, Jurisdiction 229, Overriding Effects of the Act 229, Deficiencies of the Act: 229, The Hague and the Hague Visby Rules – historical development 230, The Hague, & Hague Visby Rules 231, Carrier's Seaworthiness Obligations - Article III Rule I 232, Seaworthy vessel 232, eaworthiness - cargoworthiness 232, Seaworthy at the beginning of the voyage 233, Due Diligence - Non Delegable Obligation 233, Exercising due diligence 234, Hull and machinery 234, Cargo compartments and equipment 234, Seaworthiness and Stability 235, Manning 235, Ships documents 236, Carefully to Carry Obligation - Article III Rule 2 236, The Burden of Proof 237, Limitation of Liability - Article IV Rule 5 237, Limitation of Actions - Article III Rule 6 238, Error in Management Defence 238, Error in Navigation Defence 239, "Himalaya Clauses" 239, The Hamburg Rules 239, The Hamburg Rules - noteworthy changes. 240, Indian Act 241, Self assessment questions 242.

Module 18 - P&I cover for cargo claims

Club Cover 243, (A) The Hague Rules 243, (B) Multimodal transport 243, (C) Indemnities 245, (D) Ad valorem cargo 245, (E) Special cargoes 245, (F) Deviation 245 Costs of Forwarding Cargo 247, (G) On-deck cargo 247, (H) Delivery of cargo without production of bills of lading 248, Damaged cargo 249, (I) Ante-dating and other misdescription 249, (J) .Misdescription in bills of lading 249, (K) Liability before cargo comes into member's custody 249, (L) Collision and General Average 249, Contractual obligations 250, Improper Stowage 250, Refrigerated Spaces 251, Events on Land 251, Shortage and Contamination 251, (1) BULK LIQUID CARGO 251 Claims Handling 253, (A) Shortage 253, (B) Contamination 254, (2) DRY BULK CARGO 255, Shortages 255, (3) GENERAL CARGO 255, Claims Handling 256, Documents needed: 256, (4) BULK AND GENERAL CARGO 257, 5.Reefer cargoes 257, Claims Handling 259, Self assessment questions 260

Module 19 - Stowaways and diversion expenses

Introduction 262, Who is a refugee? 262, Who is a stowaway? 262, P&I club Rules requirement 262 Section 7 - Diversion expenses 262, Section 8 - Stowaways and refugees 262, Fines 263, Charterer's Responsibilities 263, IMO Guidance Notes – 264, Case study 266, Loss prevention 267, Guidelines on the allocation of responsibilities 268, Allocation of responsibility: 269, .1The master 269, .2 The, shipowner or operator 269, .5 The apparent or claimed country of nationality/citizenship of the stowaway 271, .6 The flag State of the vessel 271, Stowaways - an update 271, Self assessment questions 272.

Resource Modules

Resource Module 1 - Introduction - Marine insurance

Preamble. Cargo. Risk factors. Cargo conditions. Hull. Risk factors. Marine Liability. What can go wrong? Basic principles of marine insurance. Marine insurance - a historical background. War Risks Coverage. Non-marine insurances. Miscellaneous Accident. Insurances. Motor Insurance. Other Insurances. Essential elements of insurance contract and principles of insurance. a..Application of Indian contract act 1872 b.Proposal and acceptance. c.Consideration. d. Agreement between the parties. e.Capacity of the parties to contract. f.Legality. g.Unenforceable contract. Legal principles of insurance. The legal principles of insurance contracts. a) Insurable interest. b.Utmost good faith. c.Indemnity. Subrogation. Subrogation condition. Contribution. Contribution condition. Proximate cause.

Resource Module 2 - Marine Insurance II

Effecting insurance. Technical details of the vessel. Other details of vessel. Trade related details. Insurance - related details. Supporting documents. Cover note. Certificate of Insurance. Endorsement. Warranties. Policy. Operative or Insuring Clause. Schedule of the policy. Insurance coverages for ships. Institute Time Clauses - Hulls (ITC - Hulls). Pollution hazard. Collision liability. General Average and Salvage. Sue and Labour. ITC - Hulls “limited conditions” and other coverages. Institute Voyage Clauses - Hulls (1-10-1983). Covering War, strike, terrorist acts, malicious Act. ITC - HULLS (1ST November 1995). Classification Clause (Clause No.4). Perils (risk covered). Insurance coverages for cargo by sea transit. Who insures the cargo?. Cost, insurance and freight (c.i.f.). Cost and freight (c&f or cfr). Free On Board (F.O.B.). Institute Cargo Clauses - A, B AND C - RISKS COVERED. Exclusions. Clause - 4. Clause - 5. Clause - 6. Clause - 7. Duration of the cover.

Resource Module 3 - Marine Insurance III

Types of losses and expenses payable. Particular average. Total loss - actual and constructive. General Average contribution and salvage charges. Forwarding charges. Sue and labour charges. Extra charges. Insurance against war and strike risks.. Trade clauses. Claims handling. Notice of claim and tenders. Temporary repairs. Claim adjustment. Documents required by the insurers in connection with the claim. Disbursement warranty. Deductible. Claim for total loss or constructive total loss. Onus of proof. Cargo insurance claims. Documents for survey. Letter of subrogation. Correspondence regarding loss of or damage to cargo.. Marine Insurance Law. Nature of Warranty. Loss and Abandonment. Trade clauses. Institute Trade Clauses. Essential Elements of Insurance Contract and Principles of Insurance. Effecting Insurance. Insurance Coverage for Ships. Insurance coverages for Cargo by Sea Transit. Claims Handling

Resource Module 4 - Loss Prevention – Cargo

Preamble. General advice General – Bills of lading. Importance of B/L. Description, condition and quantity of the cargo. Authority on behalf of the Master to sign bills of lading. Letters of indemnity. Cargo precautions - Charter party provisions. A. General. B Typed amendments. C. Dunnage and shifting boards. D. Tallies, stowage, lashing and securing of cargo. E Ventilation of cargo – monitoring of cargo temperatures. Cargo exposure – causes of damage. Condition prior to shipment. Damaged cargo. Damage caused by stevedores. No loading during rain or snow. Separation – marking of cargo. Dunnage, lashing and separation material. Cargo sampling. Damaged cargo noticed during discharge. Deck cargoes. The ship and the cargo holds.. Fumigation - General. Hatch covers and other openings. Ship’s cargo gear. Stowage. Ventilation. Cargo Wet damage. Cargo hold ventilation. Carriage of coal. Closing Hatch Covers - Procedures. Commercial interests. Contamination - Liquid Cargo. Prevention of contamination claims. Holds passed by surveyors. Inadequate cargo stowage. Inspection of Cargo Holds.

Resource Module 5 - Third Party Loss Prevention

Loss prevention. Personal Injury. Collision claims. Major claim analysis. Health and Safety Regulations. Code of Safe Working Practices. Slips and Falls". Gangways and Companion Ladders. Falling objects. Parting of Ropes and Wires. Stoppers. Left in the Sun. Effect of seawater. Mind your Back. Mooring accidents. Care and inspections. Protective gear. Getting ready. Safety first. Planning. Tending to moorings. Attending to tugs. Poisonous Gases and Asphyxiation. Tackling persistent causes of unsafe practices at sea. Accident investigation. Investigative procedures. Fact-finding. Interviews. Problem solving techniques. Change analysis. Report of investigation. Formal report. Post-Investigation. Conclusion.

Resource Module 6 - Contract of affreightment & Charter Parties

Introduction. Chartering - Forms and Activities. Contract of Affreightment (COA). Chartering process. Charter Parties. Voyage Charters. Additional features of voyage charters:. Time Charter. Demise Charter. Chartering of Vessels. The Organisation of the Chartering Business. Role of a charterer. Role of the shipowner. Role of brokers. Bills of Lading and Charter Parties. Freight: Definition. Time for Payment. Anticipated Freight. Shipowner's Lien for Freight. Freight and Marine Insurance. Important Charter Party Terms.

Resource Module 7 – P&I Glossary

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